Holiday Temple Visit – Discover Wat Si Chum in Historic Sukhothai, Revere the Buddha Image and the Legend of the Speaking Buddha

Wat Si Chum in Muang Kao subdistrict, Sukhothai, is one of the most significant archaeological monuments within the Sukhothai Historical Park. The term 'Si Chum' originates from 'Sahli Chum,' where 'sahli' is an archaic word meaning Bodhi tree, later refined to 'si.' Thus, 'Si Chum' refers to a grove of Bodhi trees. It is believed to have been constructed during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng, appearing in the first Sukhothai stone inscription, which states: 'Below the city of Sukhothai there is a market called Pasan, there is Phra Atchana, there is a prang, there are areca palm groves, there are rice paddies and orchards, there are settlements with large and small houses.' Scholars believe the Phra Atchana mentioned is the ancient outdoor Buddha image enshrined at Wat Si Chum itself, notable for the legend that identifies it as a 'speaking Buddha.'

Historical records show that Wat Si Chum underwent major restoration during the reign of King Lithai, during the Ayutthaya period, and continued to receive maintenance before being abandoned in the late Ayutthaya era. It was not until the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) that a comprehensive restoration project was launched under the direction of Field Marshal P. Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of that era, between 1953-1956. This restoration utilized ancient architectural methods, techniques, and materials, including a complete reconstruction of Phra Atchana modeled after Sukhothai bronze sculpture by Professor Peerasri and artisan Khian Yim Siri.

Today, Wat Si Chum retains only one major sanctuary—a square mondop measuring 32 meters per side and 15 meters high, designed in the Sukhothai tradition. Rather than a place of worship, it was constructed to replicate the Kandakuti, the Buddha's dwelling during the Buddhist era. Inside, a monumental Buddha image known as Phra Atchana sits in sublime repose.

The name Phra Atchana derives from the Pali word 'achala,' meaning 'unshakeable' or 'worthy of reverence.' This large stucco Buddha image, reinforced with brick and stone, measures 11.30 meters across the chest and 15 meters in height. It sits in the Maravichai posture with even meditation focus, displaying beautiful Sukhothai art characteristics—a well-proportioned, serene visage graced with a gentle smile and compassion.

Legend claims Phra Atchana was a sacred 'speaking Buddha,' but the truth lies elsewhere. During the Ayutthaya period, when King Naresuan proclaimed independence in 1568 at Khaeng, several cities ceased paying tribute to Burma. However, Chiang Mai refused to comply, so the King led forces to subdue the city. Before the campaign, troops assembled at Wat Si Chum. Since this was Thai fighting Thai, soldiers lacked morale and determination. King Naresuan devised a strategic plan: he had one soldier climb behind the Buddha image and speak words of encouragement to the troops, inspiring them to fight with renewed vigor.

This demonstrates the clever psychological tactics of Thai monarchy in bolstering troop morale before battle. Since then, Phra Atchana of Wat Si Chum has been renowned as a 'speaking Buddha' to the present day. Additionally, King Naresuan performed the Sri Satya Pana Ceremony (water oath ritual) at this temple.

Another significant aspect of Wat Si Chum is the discovery of the second Sukhothai stone inscription, crucial evidence for understanding Sukhothai's history.