Fire Safety: How to Survive and Help Others Escape

Following a deadly fire at a beer hall in Bangkok that claimed many lives and left numerous injured, understanding fire survival tactics and self-protection methods has become critical. Knowledge of how fires kill and how to prevent harm can significantly reduce risk and increase survival odds.

Fire deaths occur primarily from five causes: (1) Inhalation of toxic smoke and chemicals—incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide from burning foam and plastics, hydrogen chloride from burning PVC pipes, and nitrogen oxides from polymer combustion. These substances bind to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen delivery to the body and causing death. (2) Soot obstruction of airways, causing sudden respiratory failure. (3) Inhalation of hot air and steam, which can cause airway swelling and respiratory collapse. (4) Direct burn injuries to the skin, leading to severe fluid loss and infection. (5) Accidents while escaping, such as falls, crushing, or falls from height.

When helping fire victims, quick and proper first aid is essential. If in immediate danger, evacuate victims as quickly as possible. Once fire is contained, handle victims carefully—support the neck as you move them using a stretcher or board, never by the arms or head. Remove or carefully cut away burnt clothing without tearing (as fabric may stick to skin), and remove jewelry such as watches and bracelets that retain heat. Rinse burnt areas with clean, room-temperature water to cool the body. Cover the victim with water-soaked cloth, then a light blanket, and transport to hospital immediately. If the hospital is far away, give the victim water for rehydration before transport; if nearby, proceed directly. Open the airway and monitor breathing once the victim is moved to safety.